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The molecular and cellular origins and evolution of vertebrate organs

Our lab has been interested in a range of topics related to the origins and evolution of organs in mammals and other vertebrates as well as the various underlying genomic/molecular changes. In the framework of our research, we have generated and analyzed comprehensive genomics (e.g., RNA-seq) datasets based on samples from our large organ collections. We have thus illuminated the origins and functional evolution of protein-coding genes, alternative splicing, long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, and sex chromosomes across organs and species, as well as associated phenotypic implications. More recently, we have begun to bring the work of our lab to the level of individual cells using state-of-the-art single-cell genomics technologies and bioinformatics procedures. In a major set of new projects, we seek to scrutinize the origins and evolution of the vertebrate brain and its constituent tissues and cell types based on samples from representatives of all major vertebrate lineages, ranging from jawless vertebrates (e.g., the sea lamprey) to mammals (e.g., platypus and human). In other current projects, we investigate the evolution and development of gonads, liver and intestine (dietary adaptations), and the placenta across representative mammals.

Vertebrate Tree

Selected publications

Original papers

The evolution of gene regulation in mammalian cerebellum development
Sarropoulos, I., Sepp, M., Yamada, T. et al. (2026)
Science 391: eadw9154 URL

A male-essential microRNA is key for avian sex chromosome dosage compensation.
Fallahshahroudi, A., Taemeh, S.Y., Rodríguez-Montes, L. et al. (2025)
Nature 645: 148-157 URL

Developmental origins and evolution of pallial cell types and structures in birds
Zaremba, B., Fallahshahroudi, A., Schneider, C. et al. (2025)
Science 387: URL

Cellular development and evolution of the mammalian cerebellum
Sepp, M., Leiss, K., Murat, F. et al. (2023)
Nature 625: 788-796 URL

Sex-biased gene expression across mammalian organ development and evolution
Rodríguez-Montes, L., Ovchinnikova, S., Yuan, X. et al. (2023)
Science 382: URL

The molecular evolution of spermatogenesis across mammals
Murat, F., Mbengue, N., Winge, S.B. et al. (2022)
Nature 613: 308-316 URL

Developmental and evolutionary dynamics of cis-regulatory elements in mouse cerebellar cells
Sarropoulos, I., Sepp, M., Frömel, R. et al. (2021)
Science 373: eabg4696 URL

Transcriptome and translatome co-evolution in mammals
Wang, Z., Leushkin, E., Liechti, A. et al. (2020)
Nature 588: 642-647 URL

Gene expression across mammalian organ development
Cardoso-Moreira, M., Halbert, J., Valloton, D. et al. (2019)
Nature 571: 505-509 URL

Developmental dynamics of lncRNAs across mammalian organs and species
Sarropoulos, I., Marin, R., Cardoso-Moreira, M. et al. (2019)
Nature 571: 510-514 URL

Origins and functional evolution of Y chromosomes across mammals
Cortez, D., Marin, R., Toledo-Flores, D. et al. (2014)
Nature 508: 488-493 URL

The evolution of lncRNA repertoires and expression patterns in tetrapods
Necsulea, A., Soumillon, M., Warnefors, M. et al. (2014)
Nature 505: 635-640 URL

The evolution of gene expression levels in mammalian organs
Brawand, D., Soumillon, M., Necsulea, A. et al. (2011)
Nature 478: 343-348 URL

Reviews

Evolutionary dynamics of coding and non-coding transcriptomes
Necsulea, A., Kaessmann, H. (2014)
Nat Rev Genet 15: 734-748 URL

Origins, evolution, and phenotypic impact of new genes
Kaessmann, H. (2010)
Genome Res. 20: 1313-1326 URL

RNA-based gene duplication: mechanistic and evolutionary insights
Kaessmann, H., Vinckenbosch, N., Long, M. (2008)
Nat Rev Genet 10: 19-31 URL

More publications
Heidelberg Background

An International Team in Heidelberg

Legend:
Current lab members
Previous lab members
Lab Members

Current and previous funding

NOMIS Foundation European Molecular Biology Organization European Research Council The Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS) Human Frontier Science Program Roche Research Foundation Swiss National Science Foundation Lausanne University Heidelberg University Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) CellNetworks

NOMIS Foundation

European Molecular Biology Organization

European Research Council

The Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS)

Human Frontier Science Program

Roche Research Foundation

Swiss National Science Foundation

Lausanne University

Heidelberg University

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)

CellNetworks

Come and work with us!

Doctoral and Postdoctoral Postions in Evolutionary Genomics (Experimental/Computational)

Postdoctoral and PhD student positions (3 years, with possible extensions) are available immediately in the evolutionary genomics group of Henrik Kaessmann at Heidelberg University. Applications will be reviewed on a rolling basis until the positions are filled.

We are seeking highly qualified, motivated, and enthusiastic candidates with a keen interest in evolutionary questions. For the postdoctoral position, a strong background and hands-on experience in experimental molecular and genomics approaches are required; additional experience in computational/bioinformatics analyses is highly welcome. For the doctoral position, we welcome candidates with a passion and aptitude for experimental molecular/genomics work, computational/bioinformatics analyses, or both. Projects in our lab usually combine experimental and computational components, with the relative emphasis tailored to the specific project and the candidate’s interests and expertise.

Our lab investigates a broad range of questions related to the origins and molecular evolution of organs in mammals and other vertebrates and the underlying genomic changes, with a particular focus on the evolution of gene expression and its regulatory basis (see home.kaessmannlab.org and zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de/kaessmann for more information). As part of this research, we have generated extensive comparative genomics datasets (e.g., single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq) across species, based on samples from our unique organ collections, and analyzed them using state-of-the-art bioinformatics approaches, increasingly incorporating AI and deep learning (see, e.g., Sarropoulos et al., Science 2026). This work has provided insights into the origins and functional evolution of protein-coding genes, alternative splicing, long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, and sex chromosomes across organs and species, as well as their phenotypic implications.

We currently offer a range of possible projects addressing the evolution of gene expression and its regulatory basis across expression layers, organs, and species in mammals and other vertebrates. These projects will combine the generation of unique new datasets using cutting-edge experimental approaches (e.g., long-read spatial transcriptomics) across diverse organs, from the brain to the gonads, with state-of-the-art computational and deep-learning approaches. Projects may also include detailed molecular and functional characterization of particularly exciting candidate evolutionary changes using organoid and mouse models, CRISPR-based approaches, and synthetic genomics, supported by the expertise and infrastructure of our local Center for Synthetic Genomics (www.syn-gen.de). Specific projects will be developed together with the successful candidates based on their individual interests, expertise, and skills.

In our lab, we place great importance on a collaborative, supportive, and positive team spirit. Many of our projects are driven by small, closely interacting teams of experimental and computational researchers who combine complementary expertise and work together enthusiastically. We also greatly value the diverse cultural and international backgrounds of our lab members, which contribute to an open and enriching research environment.

The working language of our institute is English, and its members form a highly international community. The ZMBH is located in Heidelberg, a picturesque and vibrant international city on the Neckar River and at the edge of the Odenwald forest. Heidelberg offers an exceptionally stimulating and collaborative research environment, with the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), and Max Planck Institute for Medical Research located in close proximity to the University.

For more information about our group and the institute more generally, please visit our website at the ZMBH (http://www.zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de/Kaessmann/).

Please submit a CV, a statement of research interests, and the names and contact details of three references to Henrik Kaessmann (h.kaessmann@zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de).

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